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Online appendix to

Factors of Party System Fragmentation: A Cross-National Study (Australian Journal of Political Science, doi:10.1080/10361146.2014.989811

Online Appendix. Data sources

The electoral statistics on 43 elections[1] is derived from the Constituency-Level Election Archive (http://www.electiondataarchive.org; Kollman et al. 2013); on 2 elections[2], from Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive (http://psephos.adam-carr.net); and on 5 elections[3], from the European Election Database. The latter is collected from original sources, prepared and made available at http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD).  Primary and secondary (indicated as *) data sources on the remaining 32 individual elections include:

Albania (2009): Komisioni Qendror i Zgjedhjeve, http://www.cec.org.al; Andorra (2009): Govern d'Andorra, http://www.eleccions.ad; Angola (2008): African Elections Database*, http://africanelections.tripod.com/ao_detail.html; Argentina (2011): Ministerio del Interior, http://www.elecciones2011.gov.ar; Armenia (2012): Kentronakan y’ntrakan hand’najhoghov, http://www.elections.am; Australia (2007): Electoral Commission, http://results.aec.gov.au; Austria (2008): Bundesministerium für Inneres, http://www.bmi.gv.at; Belgium (2010): Direction Générale Institutions et Population, http://polling2010.belgium.be; Belize (2012): Elections and Boundaries Department, http://www.elections.gov.bz; Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010): Centralna izborna komisija Bosne i Hercegovine, http://www.izbori.ba; Cyprus (2011): Ministry of the Interior, Electoral Service, http://results.elections.moi.gov.cy; El Salvador (2006): Tribunal Supremo Electoral, http://www.tse.gob.sv; Indonesia (2004): International Foundation for Electoral Systems (retrievable xls. file “Comparison of KPU official DPR election result”)*, http://www.ifes.org; Ireland (2007): Elections Ireland*, http://electionsireland.org; Italy (2008): Ministero dell'Interno, http://elezionistorico.interno.it; Latvia (2011): Centrālā vēlēšanu komisija, http://www.velesanas2011.cvk.lv; Liechtenstein (2009): Information und Kommunikation der Regierung, http://www.landtagswahlen.li; Luxembourg (2009): Election Resources on the Internet*, http://www.electionresources.org/lu/data; Malaysia (2004): BERNAMA*, http://web7.bernama.com/events/elect2004; Malta (2008): Parliamentary Election Results, 1921-2013*, http://www.maltadata.com/results.htm; Mexico (2006): Instituto Federal Electoral, http://www.ife.org.mx; New Zealand (2008): Electoral Commission, http://www.electionresults.govt.nz; Mozambique (2009): Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa*, http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/mozambique-2009-assembly-republic-election-results-constituency; Paraguay (2008): Justicia Electoral, http://www.tsje.gov.py; Peru (2011): Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales, http://www.web.onpe.gob.pe; Portugal (2009): Comissao Nacional de Eleicoes, http://eleicoes.cne.pt; Russia (2003): Tsentral’naya izbiratel’naya komissiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii, http://www.izbirkom.ru; Seychelles (2007): Office of the Electoral Commission, http://www.ecs.sc; South Africa (2009): Independent Electoral Commission, http://www.elections.org.za; Switzerland (2011): Bundesverwaltung Statistik Schweiz, http://www.bfs.admin.ch; Uganda (2011): The Electoral Commission, http://www.ec.or.ug; Uruguay (2009): Corte Electoral, http://elecciones.corteelectoral.gub.uy.

For the construction of explanatory variables, I used country-level indicators from the Freedom House (http://www.freedomhouse.org), the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org) and Alesina et al., 2003. A large part of information on electoral systems was derived from the Inter-Parliamentary Union PARLINE database, http://www.ipu.org/parline. All Internet sources were accessed in August 2012 through February 2014. The data sources are not responsible for the analyses/interpretation of the data presented in the article.

References

Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S. and Wacziarg, R. 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155-194..

Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D. and Backer, D. 2013. Constituency-level elections archive. Produced and distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan.

Notes

 

[1] Antigua and Barbuda (1999); Bahamas (2007); Bangladesh (2008); Barbados (2008); Bolivia (2005); Botswana (2004); Brazil (2006); Bulgaria (1997); Canada (2008); Cape Verde (2001); Colombia (2006); Costa Rica (2006); Croatia (2007); Czech Republic (2006); Dominica (2005); Dominican Republic (2006); Equatorial Guinea (1993); Estonia (2003); Finland (2007); Gambia (2007); Ghana (2004); Grenada (1999); Guinea-Bissau (2004); Guyana (2006); Honduras (2001); India (2004); Jamaica (2002); Japan (1993); Kenya (1997); Malawi (1999); Nepal (2008); Nigeria (2003); Pakistan (2008); Philippines (2007); Romania (2000); Singapore (2006); South Korea (2000); Sri Lanka (2010); St. Lucia (2006); Taiwan (2004); United Kingdom (1997); United States (2006); and Zambia (2006).

[2] Nicaragua (2006) and St. Kitts and Nevis (2010).

[3] Iceland (2009); Macedonia (2008); Norway (2009); Slovenia (2008); and Spain (2004).

 

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